Similar cranial trauma prevalence among Neanderthals and Upper Palaeolithic modern humans

Neanderthals are commonly depicted as leading dangerous lives and permanently struggling for survival.
This view largely relies on the high incidences of trauma that have 
been reported1,2 and have variously been attributed to violent social 
behaviour3,4, highly mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyles2 or attacks 
by carnivores5. 
The described Neanderthal pattern of predominantly cranial injuries is 
further thought to reflect violent encounters with large prey mammals, resulting from the use of close-range hunting weapons1. 
These interpretations directly shape our understanding of Neanderthal lifestyles, health and hunting abilities, yet mainly rest on descriptive, 
case-based evidence. 
Quantitative, population-level studies of traumatic injuries are rare. 
Here we reassess the hypothesis of higher cranial trauma prevalence 
among Neanderthals using a population-level approach—accounting for preservation bias and other contextual data—and an exhaustive fossil database. 
We show that Neanderthals and early Upper Palaeolithic anatomically 
modern humans exhibit similar overall incidences of cranial trauma, 
which are higher for males in both taxa, consistent with patterns shown 
by later populations of modern humans. 
Beyond these similarities, we observed species-specific, age-related 
variation in trauma prevalence, suggesting that there were differences 
in the timing of injuries during life or that there was a differential mortality risk of trauma survivors in the two groups. 
Finally, our results highlight the importance of preservation bias in studies 
of trauma prevalence.
*more detailed information here  
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0696-8
- https://www.sciencenews.org/article/skull-damage-suggests-neandertals-led-no-more-violent-lives-humans